I've put in a new starter, found TDC by measuring the way between the lock of piston #1 by turning clockwise and counterclockwise and divide the way by two, put a mark on my balancer, turned the distributor a bit, so that the finger shows just slightly before the #1 cyl., got the spark wires to the right cylinders and turned the key.
It worked! The engine started and all I have to do now is to do some minor adjustments.
The engine runs way better than before, so now I know, that my machine shop did some mistakes - probably by doing it the Chevy-way.